Revealing Now the Wonders of the Ancient Land

Sind was a province of Persians in 500 BC, but not in their possession even when Alexander invaded India in 326 BC. He came here to annex this province to prove that he was the greatest of all the great kings then known. It was mainly his ego that ultimately drove him into an adventure of disastrous consequences.

His conquest was a total failure reports F. A. Wright “Nine hundred miles down the Indus took nine months that involved hard fighting and then came the march through Gedrosian desert the most terrific journeys that any army has ever attempted”

Sind became almost a deserted land because of the changed courses of Sarasvati & Sindu when the ancient Sarasvati disappeared around 1900 BC in Rajasthan, near Ghagger. All the scientific observations carried by BARC, ISRO, Rajasthan water Board, Geological Survey of India State that Sind, is an extension of Thur desert of Rajasthan and was almost the same in 326 BC as it is today.

Gen. John Abbott IAS in 1924 visited Sind and had occasion to go through almost each and every aspect of the territory where he found large ancient settlements, well developed but left abandoned long ago. He reported to the British Govt. to take a through survey of these settlements (Mohenjo-Daro, Harappa, Kalibanga, Banavli, Rupal Etc.).

Gen. Abbot had seen skeletons of men and animals lay burried by the banks of Sindu, who appeared to have died for want of food, fodder and water. How many years rolled, storms shriked along spreading sands over the dead, he wondered.

This is how we now come to know why Alexander and his army may be about a lac men with their animals (horses) perished in the hostile sands of Sind for want of food and water and hot pursuit of Indians.

Alexander was fortunate enough to reach the coast of Makran and left with the remaining forces on 25.10.325 BC with scattered, starved men.

Nearchus, his admiral reports – As soon as armies of Alexander reached the lower Sind than they had to face the stiff opposition, resistance of the Brahmin republic Because of the hostile population. Alexander was forced to leave Sind Soon.

Would you still call him a world conqueror ?

Arun Nigudkar

History Revealed - Ancient Wines

When we were not introduced to tea and coffee by the British what we were drinking? What the whole world was a familiar with? The answer is Wine. Dr. Mac-Govern - the wine expert of Pennsylvania University, went accumulating wine bottles, Jars and various Terracotta utensils nearly over 3000, different types of Cups, Bottles and Jars from where and from what Periods?
His stock covered the ancient period of wine jar of 9000 years to glass bottles of 15th century. China, Japan, Mongolia, Himalayan Track of the Silk Route, the Central Asia Egypt (Tombs). A full track of the Silk Route of 11,000 miles, ships drowned in places like the Black sea. The bottles of wine remained almost intact. The residue of wines collected from the jars or bottles was chemically analyzed in the laboratory. It gave the,

1. The contents of wine
2. Percentage of alcohol mixed
3. The shape of the Jars and their corks or bottles
4. Preservatives and taste
Dr. Mac-Govern after neatly analyzing the contents and the properties made wines of the original recipe and proved that it was possible to make wines of the original recipes, if you so desire. In 2004, we went to Aswan (Egypt) and saw the laboratory below the Dam they received us offering a small quantity (2 Spoon full Content) and their lady receptionist said “you are seeping the wine that Cleopatra used to drink 2000 years ago”. It was true though funny.

Arun Nigudkar

Email ID : arun.7g.usha@gmail.com

HISTORY REVEALS – INDIAN ARTIFACTS AND THEIR FOOTPRINTS ?

Our artifacts are being stolen, since hundred of years. Many foreign museums have galleries of Indian coins, swords, caskets, previous stones, carpets, marble inlays, idols and jewelry. When and how did they go there none knows? They were probably looted pirated or just received as gifts unwillingly. To name a few – the Kohinoor, The Peacock Throne, The Taimur Rubby, The Bababar, The Bhawani Sword, the Calligraphic motifs bedecked in the marble canopies, decorative structures and Pillars.
The British museum and the Tower of London accommodate many. Some say 7000 or so who knows exact details.
The only methodology available to scholars is to go through thousands of references in books, libraries and concerned departments abroad, if they are willing to corporate.
How Dr. Vijay Mallya could bring back the Sword of Tipu Sultan, is an eye opener to the politicians and their ambassadors abroad. The answer is we need many Vijay Mallyas.

- ARUN NIGUDKAR

Email-Id: arun.usha.7g@gmail.com

You may visit my blog – www.blogspot.com. Comments most welcome.

AMBHI WAS NOT A TRAITOR

ARUN NIGUDKAR

Spies of any country any time have been a matter of deep interest to me. Especially when in the midst of unusual circumstances and odds when they come out safely, my hats are off for them. Sometimes they remain unhonoured and unsung, projected wrongly by historians or their heads and the enemy as traitors. Many such men have gone to gallows or history never knows what happened to them thereafter.

The name of Prince Ambhi (Omhphis Taxilles)is one such name known to history as a traitor since Alexander the Great called him so. We learnt in our school days that he invited Alexander to avenge King Poru or Porus his arch enemy, and king of the land between the present Jhelum and Chenab rivers in Punjab. Ambhi’s territory lay from the northern bank of Jhelum right upto Khandhar of Afghanistan. His state was called as Gandhar when Alexander invaded India. There is no reason to believe what rivalry ensued between Ambhi and Puru as there are no records directly to believe in what the Greeks have recorded. On the contrary the Greeks mention that Ambhi and Puru were related matrimonially meaning thereby that Prince Ambhi (22-24)was probably the son in law of Puru. In India it was a tradition to enter into such alliance to avoid enmity. Punjab was a very fertile territory and Gandhar was a very rich kingdom, renowned since ancient times for world famous university of Takshshila or Taxilafor education, commerce ,arts and crafts and a network of roads conneting it with international trade route silk road. Takshshila occupied a place of importance in those days India and became a commercially rich capital of a rich state. Samrat Ambhi and his son also known to India as learned patronizes of the famous university.

Why then Alexander initially called Ambhi a trustworthy friend in February and a traitor in July326BC? and what trickery prince Ambhi played with Alexander is a mystery since no Greek has ever proved it. Arya Chanakya who was his Guruand Principal of Takshshila University has nowhere said any thing against Ambhi why?

1) Puru was never a priority of Alexander. He invaded India just to capture Sindh and a portion of Punjab which were captured by Persians (Darius I ) 250 years prior to Alexander’s. Since Alexander defeated Darius III, it became imperative for him to annex Sindh to his territory.

2) Alexander landed in Taxila all of a sudden with a huge army of 1.20 lakh and 15000 cavalry(Plutarch)

3) With a small force of just 5000,the Prince preferred to play cool and surrendered.

4) He probably awaited for an opportune time.

5) His steps proved very correctly as Alexander’s forces would have ruined the city and the ancient university as also raped the royal females and the women in the city and the state. Arya Chankya who was associated with Ambhi might have advised him to do so. He or any Indian record has no mention of Ambhi’s treachery.

6) For a petty rivalry a royal prince would invite a foreigner was most unlikely. Alexander was Macedonian, Ambhi an Indian , had there been any dialogue between the two should have used either the Macedonian or the Sanskrit in Brahmi script . No such record is mentioned in the Greek or Sanskrit literature

7) Because of Ambhi’s wisdom Takshshila University and the city continued to play its pivotal role of most ancient for next 800 years, till it was burned down by the White Huns in the 5^th century AD.

8) Under the guise of giving a very hospitable treatment to Alexander, his officials and the forces in general Ambhi very diplomatically prolonged Alexander’s stay from one month agreed upon till June i.e 5months further. All Indians knew that July is a month of heavy downpour and gusty winds which play havoc ; roads are muddy and slippery, communications get cut off, no transport . No wars were played during ancient times during rainy season of four months.

9) This is the only war in India between Indian Kings united under Puru and Alexander the Foreigner who was unaware of the topography and seasonal changes of the territory where he landed and brought his end nearer.

10) Puru got 5 months for his war preparations, chose a terrain naturally hostile to an invader , The battle field of Karri as described by Curtius 2000years ago and by Gen J. Abbotis a hard grown of quartz girdled by Karri and Mangal hills 5 x 5 miles . surrounded by unpredictable streams that pour waters into main course of Jhelum . Big boulders rumble down the Himalayan slope into Jhelum and cause whirlpools.

11) After the battle that was fought in the first week of July , Alexander had to leave India in about a month. Not by the Takshshila route but very hostile desert of SINDH. This route is 1000km long and took one year for Alexander and his remaining force to reach Babylon in April324BC. He died on 10^th June 324 in about two months

----------------- Arun Nigudkar

Arun.7g.usha@gmail.com,

MEDALLION OF ALEXANDER - Fake/Authentic?

----- Arun Nigudkar


Alexander the Great is the first foreign invader of India. This is the first recorded invasion dating back to 326 BC, and consequently then Puru’s war becomes the first war to preserve independence. Many recorded events actually point out that it was Puru or Porus who turned out to be the winner and not Alexander. So have Historians and History books made an error?

The British Museum has a magnificent elephant medallion depicting Alexander’s victory over Puru.It was thought that this medallion to be the only one of its kind. But soon a few more coins depicting the said Puru Alexander battle displaying the same incident were found elsewhere, differing in size, finish, and mint quality. These were Silver Coins too, having no similarity to either the facial features of Alexander or Puru. The British Coin showed an elephant, a mounted soldier and a Greek pursuer, charging them on a horse. The reverse side carried Alexander with a thunderbolt in his left hand.

The mystery is who brought this medallion here? And why do historians not accept this coin as genuine?

One it does not carry any message of Alexander the Great imprinted on the occasion of his victory over Porus at Taxila or at Karri, the battle field. Two, neither a scripted inscription in either Greek, Macedonian, Sanskrit or Brahmi is on the coin in the British Museum or other similar coins found .

Based on the writings of Arrian Plutarch & Curtius, Dr. Saifur Rahman Dar and Dr. Ahmed Hassan Dani (both Pakistani Archaeologists of world repute) excavated the Bhir mound - Taxila (Ambhi’s Kingdom) for similar Coins or medallions on Alexander. They found 495 coins of Bactrian –Greek origin but none of Alexanders journey to and back from Taxila..

It was one more point to raise doubt on the credibility of the medallion at the British museum, and those found elsewhere. From where then had this British coin come? And how was it assigned as being that from the era of Alexander? British records show that it is the Oxus treasure coin which came to England in 1887 via Afghanistan, then India and entrusted to the British Museum for safe preservation.

Percy Gardner, a Historian, examined the coin. He researched it thoroughly and found out that it was minted at the time of victory celebration of Greek Bactrian King over Yuchi Mongols. The museum accepted this version and made necessary changes in their catalogue. Hence since the possession of this artifact of Indian origin, till 1926, none had ever thought it to be or related it to Alexander or Porus.

In 1926, Sir John Francis Hill once again observed the coin and stated that the dress worn by the figure with a thunderbolt to be a victory coin of Alexander The British museum promptly accepted it and made the changes in their records.

Shri Parmeshwari Lal Gupta has written a world famous book on coins and expressed his doubt about the credibility of it.What is true then? Historical facts as researched by me are as follows. The period of stay of Alexander in India is 18 months
1. Alexander stayed at Taxila; between Feb. 326 and June 326 BC (Arrian , Curtus, Plutarch)
2. He fought one day war on the Karri battle ground, just 100 miles away from Taxila on Jhelum River.
3. His army consisted 6000 foot soldiers, 5000 horsemen and reserve force of another 5000 totaling about 17000 as against 50000 of Porus.
4. The battle ground was formed of quartz, a hard semi precious white stone 5 x 5 miles girdled by Karri hill.
5. The Greeks on the opposite bank of Jhelum were on the soft black soil, which became muddy and slippery because of heavy rains and inundated waters that formed whirlpools due to boulders rumbled down the slope and stuck in deep waters.(14 to 30 ft deep)
6. This was too dangerous and the Greeks had to walk towards Haranpur (Northern Bank) for 17 miles and for 26 hours.
7. The weary soldiers were starved for two days and had no will to enter into battle with Indians, awaiting them for 5 months and fresh ever under their king Puru.

Alexander the Great lost his battle against Puru on the Karri battlefield in the first week of July 326 BC and took one year to reach Makran coast(Sindh) He left India on 25th Oct, 325 BC, reached Babylon in April 323BC, died in June 323 BC . He was slow-poisoned over12 days, Commander John Grieve, Forensic expert of the Scotland Yard, excavated Alexanders grave in Alexandria (Egypt). He further researched on for 5years on the skull and skeleton of Alexander using all modern techniques --- DNA, X-RAY, C-14,Chemical analysis & Facial reconstruction.This supported the theory of his defeat and his being poisoned. All these facts lay doubt to the very existence of a victory coin. If Alexander lost the battle why would he mint victory coins?

References

● Taxila and the Western Word
- Dr.Saifur Rahaman Dar

● Invasion of Alexander the Great
- J W M’ Crindle (1896)

● Alexander’s Track to the Indus
- M.A. Stain

● Alexander the Great
- John Gunther

● Alexander’s Campaign on the North West frontiers
- Ibid

● Alexander the Great
- W.W. Tarn

● Alexander the Great
- G.T. Griffith
(The Main Problems 1966)

● Alexander’s Indian Compaign

● Taxila to Hydaspes (Appendix D)

● The Greek Map of the battle of Hydaspes (BC 326)

● Alexander did he really Win ?
- P.N. Phadke

● Alexander the Great
- S.L. Bodhankar

● Alexander the Great
- Arjandass Malik

● Alexander the Great
- Curtius

● Alexander the Great
- Diodorus

● Alexander the Great
- G.N. Pant

● Alexander the Great
- Plutarch

● Coins : Ch. III Pg. No. 23 : Coin of Alexander found in India silver coin of Elephant
Alexander and Porus
- Parmeshwarilal Gupta

● Historical Geography of India : Pg. No. 55, Ch. VI : Ancient trade route Puru 6.1
Communities of Rigvedic times Pg. 71 (Greek) Pg. 82 Rajmarg 120 Foot.
- Dr. Dinkar Mukund Wagh.

● Who Killed Alexander : Two episodes on Discovery
- Commander John Grieave.

● Dr. Saifur Rahaman Dar
“Between the Indus and the Hydapes (Jhelum) is Taxila a large city and government by good law. The surrounding country is thickly populated and extremely fertile as the mountains here begin to subside into the Plains. The inhabitants and king Taxsiles (Ambhi) received Alexander with kindness and in return came by more than they bestowed so that the Macedonians were jealous and said, it appeared as if Alexander had found none worthy of his bounty until he had crossed the Indus”

● Arjundas Malik
“During the days of Darins I of Persia the Indian satrapies of Kabul, Gandhara (Peshawar & Kandhar) Hindu Kush with its capital formed part of Achaemenian Empire, but at the time of Darius III, those satrapies had however become independent. Although Indian did figure in the Greek concept of the known world, it was conceived as a peninsula south of Hindu Kush comprising only the Indus basin beyond, was supported to be the ocean surrounded the world. To them India west of north Pakistan did not exist nor were Greeks aware of any other part of Asia outside Persian domains. Both Aristotle and Alexander believed that ocean was visible from the Hindu Kush and further Alexander considered Indus to be the source of the Nile.”

● F. A. Wright
“Nine Hundred miles down the Indus took nine months and involved hard fighting and then came march through Gedrosian desert the most terrific Journeys that any army has ever attempted.”

● John Gunther
“Alexander had received a terrible wound in the breast and then as he tells a Mallian stabbed him in the neck Alexander had almost died. An arrow had plunged into his chest and its head broken off became lodged between the bones of his ribs. To get it out was a frightful job and the pain almost killed him. For a long period he was too week to move and the roumers spread that he had died.”

● Nearchus – Admiral of Alexander
“As soon as the armies of Alexander reached the lower Sindh, then they had to face the stiff opposition of the Brahman republics. Iranians also to face similar opposition earlier (519 BC)”
Narchus further admits that because of the population Alexander was faced to leave sindh, very soon.

● Arrian
“When the Macedonian army of about 11000 men after surmounting all difficulties of the passage ultimately found itself on the mainland it entered a considerable plain of the firm soil, known as KARRI girdled by low hills on the north and east. This plain at its widest part, is about 5 miles broad and affords a sufficient though not excessive space for the battle. The river at the crossing place runs over quartz boulders and still existing island larger than the rest corresponds closely with that described by the Greek historians as the place on which Alexander first landed. (Ger Abbott 1848)”

● Plutarch
“The battle with porus depressed the spirit of Macedonians and made them unwilling to advance further in India."

Sarasvati: It’s Scientific Contribution to Civilization and its Relevance today

- Arun Nigudkar


The “Ice Age” ended 11,000 years ago. Till then the whole earth was covered with ice of thickness. This was the first recorded global warming. The first record of any habitat starts from a stream that originated in Himalayas. The ice melting process had defined the course of water and it ran down the slope on to the plateau of five states presently known as Himachal, Uttaranchal, Haryana (Punjab), Rajasthan and Gujarat. The primary flow was the river Sarasvati & she plunged into the Arabian Sea at Prabhas Tirtha (Somnath). The sea also was a new formation like that of the river Sarasvati.

In due course, the other streams flowed from Himalayas from closer distance. They either started separately or as tributaries and we get Sindhu another mighty river and all along become ‘Sapta Sindhu’ rivers – Sarasvati, Sindhu, Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas, Sutlej, joined at a later date by Yamuna and Ganga and their tributaries.

This net of rivers and tributaries took a time of 3000 years in its final formation. During this time the rivers also were being exposed to many tremors, earthquakes, as the topography of the earth was reforming. They changed their courses because of these tectonic shifting of plates within) movements often. That is how, the once mighty river Sarasvati, born 11000 years ago and flowing continuously over 6000 years, disappeared around 1900 BC at Rajasthan. The Sarasvati became a Lupta or Gupta (hidden) river. Research that was done on the dry bed of the disappeared river and its banks show us a circuitous route of Sarasvati. This route impacted a spread of 3800 sq.kms and ran a length of 1600 kms downwards from the Himalayas with a width of about 6 to 8 kms from bank to bank.

It disappeared but its existence was known and recorded. This was through the Vedas which were born on its banks. Its presence is endorsed in the hymns recited over generations and passed through time by word of mouth. “Gangecha Yamunechaiva Godaavari Sarasvati; Narmade Sindhu Kaaveri Jaleasmin Sannidhim Kuru” (Your soul is purified when one bathes in these waters of the mentioned rivers). The Rigveda speaks to Sarasvati as “Ambitame, Devitame, Naditame, Sarasvati” (You are the supreme Goddess and Supreme amongst all Rivers).The ancient Vedic civilizations worshipped her in its myriad forms - as a goddess, as a purifier of souls, as a deity, a knowledge giver, Veena-Vadini and Teacher for Centuries, generation after generation.

The Vedas (Rigveda, Yajurveda, Atharva and Samveda,) Upanishadas and Puranas together constitute our guiding principles for the various fields may it be Arts, Commerce, Medicine, Law ,Order & Justice & Various other Sciences. The identification of the basic elements of nature and they constituting the creation and defining of all matter in existence is recorded here. The 5 Elements of nature namely Prithvi (Earth), Aap (Water), Tej (Fire/Heat/Light), Vaayu (Wind/Air) Aakash (Space), existed even before the birth of the life on earth. The people on the banks of the river Sarasvati are the first race understood these ‘Pancha Mahabhuta’ or Shaktis and their power. It is on this river banks that the Aryans were born 8-10,000 years ago. They did not come here as invaders but were the original inhabitants of this land. The sciences that grew along tell us that Indian Aryans were the first to utilize the land, water and space, fire know their relationship with the nature and its powers.

Rig Veda tells us how Raja Nahusha prospered on the banks of Sarasvati. He was the first individual to introduce dairy development, farming and cultivation. The science and discipline of animal husbandry, cattle breeding, taming of horses, use of bullocks and cart introduced at a later stage led to large settlements of people. They prospered on their green pastures and herd of cattle.

Houses were constructed with certain organized patterns. They had outlet drainages to the earth & inlets of clean river water designed to reach the houses built in rows. These rows had an in-built system to control the flow of river water to houses and farms separately, without seepage. Outlets of used water to the nearby river are also found. There are also common baths located in all these settlement. They used burnt bricks to achieve this objective. They constructed roads of the same bricks. They knew following sciences,
Geometry
Meteorology
Metals (Silver, Bronze)
Civil Construction
Navigation (Lothal)
Drainage
Weaving of cloth (Textiles)

Research on Sarasvati is classified in two sections,
1. Sciences that were revealed by the river Sarasvati.
2. Sciences that have helped researching the potential of Sarasvati.

What is its relevance and importance today? The future course of research on Sarasvati.

The river Sarasvati is the biggest reservoir of untapped water. The body of water exists under the earth table from 7-11,000 years ago. The River on the surface disappeared in the earth somewhere in Rajasthan in 1900 BC. NASA, ISRO, BARC, Geological survey of India, Rajasthan State ground Water Board, and The Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Samiti, after years of research, Physical, Land-Sat, Imagery photography through satellites have been co-coordinating their efforts to find solution to meet the water shortage, India is facing. The water grid system to come in about 10 years hence, has succeeded in pumping out Sarasvati water at Kalayat (Haryana).Dr.V.S.Wakankar, Moropantaji Pingle Dr.C.N.Parchure and their colleagues ventured in 85, physically to locate the route of 1600 kms of Sarasvati and today Dr. Kalyanaraman and his colleagues are endlessly trying to dig out the water reservoir of the mighty Sarasvati with all modern techniques.

As former Director of Archaeology Dr.B.B. Lal says in is his famous book The Sarasvati flows on
“We have now seen that, Contrary to the general belief, this great civilization of the Indian subcontinent, which had its roots deep in antiquity, some seven to eight thousand year ago, and its flowering in the third millennium BC, still lives on, not as a fugitive but as a vital organ of our socio-cultural fabric. In Contrast, when we look round the world we are surprised by the fact that the Egyptian and Mesopotamian civilizations that flourished alongside this Indian civilization have all disappeared, leaving hardly any trace behind”

To sum up the efforts we may definitely say that visualizing our past history of Sarasvati and Ramsetu through the present sciences, Vedic Hindu Civilization was basically a science oriented civilization which was the first of its kind. Our history and sciences go hand in hand. Our epics, Ramayana & Mahabharata are not myths but mile stones on the sands of time.


23 bore wells dug out of 24 initially have pumped out water of the same quality and same source showing the buried channels of a single river which is Sarasvati. The green revolution much talked about may really fructify once the canals system starting from Sarasvati interconnects all main rivers in India and the Grid system will flow in water from any river to any other river in the near future.

- Arun Nigudkar
Pitrukrupa Block No 2 Rd -16
Chembur, Mumbai -71
Tel : 25212996
Email: press.wings@gmail.com
arun.7gusha@gmail.com

Authors Books Reference

1) B. B. LAL Sarasvati Flows on -

2) Dr. V.S.Wakankar Lupta Sarasvati Nadi shodh -

3) Dr. C.N.Parchure Lost River Sarasvati

4) Rig veda 36.6 Ambitame Naditme

5) K.S Srivastav Rajasthan State ground Water
Board – Carbon dating of water -
Source 4000-8000 yrs.

6) Dr. Nilima Sontakke Bharatiya Ushna Deshiya Mousam
Vdyan Santhan Pune, Akra Hazar -
Vashantil Tapaman Vadh


7) Dr. Ravindra Ramdas 24th, 25th26th Oct 2008 Seminar on sarasvati
& Mr. Arun Nigudkar Sindhu Civilsation
New Delhi.

Ramsetu Man-made / Natural ?

- Arun Nigudkar
_______________________________________________________

‘Ram Setu’ and ‘Lost River Sarasvati’ represent one civilization which is Vedic. Sarasvati’s revival is certain, but what is not certain is the preservation of Ram Setu, an issue which is mired in controversy.

_______________________________________________________

How do the Scientists look at it ? Following institutions have time and again reported that Ram Setu is a man-made structure and not a natural formation. To name a few – ISRO, NASA, NIOT, BARC, Geological survey of India, Marine Analytical References of Standards Trivendram, Marine Archaeology Department (Goa) & NRSA.

Why are their Heads so positive to save Ram Setu ? A few names referred to here are world renowned authorities in their fields. Dr. Madhavan, Dr. S. Kalyanaraman, Dr. S. Badrinarayan, Dr. P.K. Banerjee, Prof. Tad S. Murthy, Prof C.S.P. Iyer and Dr. S.R. Rao. It is very interesting to know their findings which are based on their scientific research.

The structure of the Ram Setu is the basis of all analysis. This is a very precise observation. Dr. S. Badrinarayan former Director of Geological Survey of India was deputed as an Advisor during 2004 to give a conclusive report on his own findings, to the centre. The basis of his research was – The man-made structures have different diagonals from naturally formed one, which can neatly be shot with eyes of the satellite cameras (ISRO, NASA) and also Marine cameras.

These geological observations told him that out of 4 boreholes alongside the sands that go shifting and other six in the waters of the Setu track, every six meters, he found marine sands on top and assemblage of coral waste. Still down the layer, Calcareous (calcium) sand stones were fixed and the boulder like material got mixed with. Surprisingly below that up to 4-5 meters, Dr. Badrinarayan found loose sand. Stuck below was hard stone boulder formation. It was observed that layer after layer (five) of prearranged substance made it possible to spread the structure of 50 kilometer to float on the sea between India and Sri Lanka. The layers were formed of like loose sand – coral waste – lime stone (calcareous – calcium) – loose sand – hard boulders. Dr. Badrinarayan had noticed stone quarries of ancient time near Rameswaram and Pamban.
Dr. P.K. Banerjee, a world famous coral expert found the same formation. He found that the old corals in the structure were 7300 years old. The structure resembled mythological events concerning the Ramayana. Ram had got the Setu built to carry his army to Lanka.
And the best part of resemblance is matched with geological, geographical, historical, hydrological, topographic, meteorological findings listed below.
The Setu 30 miles long (50 kilometers) and 3 meters wide has same composition throughout. The sciences applied prove that by,

1] Imagery – Land sat satellite photography.

2] Marine photography of two sides of Setu and from the bottom.

3] Geological studies of upper and lower layers of sand surface and
rock water boring hole samples of 10 places chosen

4] Tsunami studies

5] Hydrological studies

6] Eco system and marine life tells us that 3600 rare species of flora & fauna exist in Palk Bay which are uncommon now but existed since time immemorial. (10,000 yrs ago)

7] Marine Bio sphere Reserve study was initiated by UNESCO in 1974 in view of the above.

8] The Govt. of India reserved 10,500 sq. km. area and 21 islands with continuous stretch of the coral reef (underwater tropical rain forest)

9] Hyderabad based National Remote sensing agency (NRSA) of department of space – The ancient bridge between India and Sri Lanka structurally suggests that it may be man-made (pg 39 Table book). It is made of chain of shoal which is an example of Ancient History linked to the Indian mythology – Ramayana, which says Lord Rama constructed the bridge to reach Lanka. The revelation has a foreward of ISRO chairman Dr. G. Madhavan Nair.

The ancient remains of Ram Setu if not preserved; we would loose our identity as a Vedic civilisation still living, we would lose our identity with our forefathers, our history, our values, and the track of our sciences. While hidden waters of Sarasvati are coming to life we should see to it that our Setu is properly looked after and not demolished.
Mr. Arun Nigudkar
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